St Peter's Square
St Peter's Square (Piazza San Pietro) is not just the entrance to the Vatican but one of the world's most renowned and awe-inspiring public spaces. Upon entering the square, visitors immediately feel the monumental power and harmony envisioned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini in the mid-17th century. The design of the square is symbolic: the two massive semi-circular colonnades represent the 'embracing arms' of the Church, welcoming believers and visitors from all over the world, regardless of their origins.
Centuries of Turmoil and Baroque Genius
The history of the square stretches far beyond the Baroque splendour we see today. In ancient times, this was the site of the Circus of Caligula and Nero, where, according to tradition, Saint Peter the Apostle was martyred. The massive 25-metre-tall Egyptian obelisk at the centre of the square was brought to Rome by Caligula in AD 37; it is the only obelisk in the city that has never fallen since ancient times.
The square took on its current appearance between 1656 and 1667, when Pope Alexander VII commissioned Bernini to redesign it. The artist faced a challenging task: he had to create a space worthy of the grand basilica façade while concealing the irregular surrounding buildings. Bernini's genius is evident in the colonnade of 284 Doric columns, topped with 140 statues of saints watching over visitors. On the square's pavement, there are two special points (between the fountains and the obelisk) from which the four rows of columns align perfectly, creating the illusion of a single row – a masterpiece of Baroque optical illusion.
Must-See Highlights of the Square
The central feature of the square is the aforementioned Vatican Obelisk, which also functions as a sundial: its shadow marks the seasons and zodiac signs on the meridian line in the paving. On either side stand two monumental fountains: the northern one by Carlo Maderno and the southern one by Bernini, which continuously refresh the square with water, cooling the air during Rome's hot summers. The square offers the best view of the St Peter's Basilica façade and Michelangelo's famous dome, as well as the Apostolic Palace of the Vatican, from whose window the Pope delivers the Angelus prayer on Sundays.
Sustainable Tourism: Being Mindful at the Square
St Peter's Square is free to visit without queues, but managing the massive crowds poses significant environmental and logistical challenges. Here's how you can be a responsible visitor:
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Water and Waste: There are numerous historic drinking fountains around the square. Use your own reusable bottle and avoid buying disposable plastic bottles from nearby vendors! The Vatican places great emphasis on keeping the square clean, so please use the recycling bins provided.
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Timing and Noise Levels: The square is extremely crowded during Wednesday papal audiences and Sunday prayers. If you want to experience its quieter, more meditative side, visit early in the morning (7:00–8:30) or late in the evening, when the lighting is magical, and the noise of the crowds is replaced by the soothing sound of the fountains.
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Respecting Local Rules: The square is considered a sacred space, so ensure you dress appropriately (covered shoulders and knees), even if you don't plan to enter the basilica. Smoking is discouraged except in designated areas of the square.
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Public Transport: Avoid arriving by car! The Ottaviano metro stop is a 10-minute walk away and helps reduce air pollution in the city centre.
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